Italian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Part1)

Alphabet and Pronunciation

There are only 21 letters in the Italian language. Letters-letters k, w, x and y is only found in the words of another language uptake. While the letters j only in the name of the place (Japan) and the name of the person (fauji).


The letters are:

1. vowels:
Aa → it is pronunced like a in the word Father
Ee → it is pronunced like e in the word Sell
Ii → it is pronunced like i in the word Pig
Oo → it is pronunced like o in the word Call
Uu → it is pronunced like u in the word Shoot

2. Consonants:
Bb → it is pronunced like b in the word Big

•Cc
there are two pronunciations:
1. Before the letter e  or i, the letter c is pronounced as ch as in **Chocolate
2. Before the letters h, a, o and u, it is pronounced as k like in the word Chemist
Dd → it is pronunced like d in the word Dog
Ff → it is pronunced like F in the word Fast

• Gg
There are two pronunciations:
1.Before the letter e or i, it is pronounced like g in the word Gentle
2.Before the letters h, a, o and u, it is pronunced like g in the word *Going

Hh → it is never pronunced
Ll → it is pronunced like l in the word Salt
Mm → it is pronunced like m in the word Mall
Nn → it is pronunced like n in the word Now
Pp → it is pronunced like p in the word Pull
Rr, it is thickened

• Ss
There are two pronunciations:
1.It is pronunced like s in the word Sell
2.It is pronunced as z in the word Rose
Tt → it is pronunced like t in the word Tall
Vv → it is pronunced like V in the word Visa
Zz → it is pronunced like ts in the word Pets


Two consonants which are merged:
Gh → it is pronunced like kh in the word architect

Gh → it is pronunced like g in the word Goal

Gli → it is pronunced like lli in the word Brilliant

Gn → it is pronunced like * ny* in the word Onion

Qu → it is pronunced like ku in the word Quantitative

• Sc
There are two pronunciations:
1.Before the letters e  or i. It is pronunced as sh as in Shoe
2.Before the letters h, a, o, and u. It is pronunced like sk in the word Sky

Molto Grazie (Thanks very much)

The Martial Art of Pencak Silat (Indonesian)

The Martial Art of Pencak Silat


Pencak Silat is a martial sport which also contains the value - the value of traditional art from Indonesia. Pencak silat was long ago introduced in Indonesia, martial arts itself has four main aspects as well as the three main objectives in the applying aspect, namely:

• the mental and spiritual aspects
• aspects of art and culture
• the martial aspect
• aspects of sport and 3 main objectives include:
      (1) the purpose to achieve health
      (2) recreational purposes
      (3) the purpose of achievement


Pencak Silat is the element .
the element of Indonesian national personality possessed of farmed hereditary. Martial arts has long been introduced in Indonesia. This can be seen at the time of Dutch rule, martial arts is already there. When his martial arts was used against the invaders.

In fact, we often heard the legend that martial arts was made by one of the warriors of Betawi named Pitung. In the era, Pitung resisted with martial arts individually.

Turkish Grammar: Adjective and Noun

TURKISH GRAMMAR
By Fauji Imamul Arifin



1. Adjective and noun
The function of Adjective in Turkish, including:

The adjective as an attributive
it means that the adjective precedes noun.
For examples:
Iyi kitap → Good book
Bu genç kız iyi → This young girl is good
The adjective as a predicate
It means that the adjective is used after noun .
For examples:
Bu kız genc → This girl is young
Bu kötü → This is bad
The adjective as a substantive
Bu genç iyi → This youngster is pretty
like a word, when it is indicated as an adjective, we may not add suffixes. When it is indicated as a substantive, we may add suffixes.



2. Agglutination
We have to know that Turkish is categorized as a language which is agglutinative because with adding suffixes in a word is for yielding a new meaning. Turkish is an agglutinative language so that many suffixes in Turkish that can be inserted by us in a word. There is no prefixes in Turkish.

3. Vowel harmony
There are eight vowels in Turkish. They are divided into two groups/classes:
(1) The vowels which are yielded toward the front of the mouth part
(2) The vowels which are yielded toward the back. The classes are named as “front and back vowels”.


FRONT VOWELS    BACK VOWELS
         e                                 a
          i                                  ı
         ö                                 o
         ü                              u

Note: In originally word of Turkish, the vowels "ö" and "o" are only in the first syllable of a word but they don’t exist also in suffixes.

Originally word of Turkish has vowels which are in the same class, including front or back vowels. The phenomenon is named as vowel harmony. When we add a suffix to a word, the final vowel position of the word is something that determines the system of the vowel class (front vowel or back vowel) in the suffix. The final vowel is named as dominant vowel.



5. The plural
Kelime → (the) word
kelimeler→ (the) words

evler → (the) houses
filler → (the) elephants

dil → (the) language
diller → (the) languages

ay → (the) month
aylar → (the) months

kalem → (the) pen
kalemler → (the) pens

ayak → (the) foot
ayağlar → (the) feet

kitap → (the) book
kitablar → (the) books

baş → (the) head
başlar → (the) heads

öğretmen → (the) teacher
öğretmenler → (the) teachers

nehir → (the) river
nehirler → (the) rivers

how to make the plural form in Turkish?. We can make plural form with adding a suffix -ler to a noun after a front vowel (e, i, ö,ü) and add -lar after a back vowel (a, ı, o, u). Therefore the system of vowel harmony is very important in making plural noun.

Thanks for reading.

Adjective, Article, and Predicate in Turkish Language (Part3)

Adjective Position, Definite and Indefinite Article, Predicate Modifier


1. Position of adjectives
Below, it will be given some examples about position of adjective in Turkish:

iyi bir kitap → A good book
genç kız → (the) young girl
genç anne → (the) young aunt
yaşlı kitap → (the) old book
So we know that when an adjective is in front of a noun, the adjective modifies the noun like in English.



2. Indefinite article (a/an)
Below, it will be given some examples about position of indefinite article with adjectives in Turkish:

bir kitap → a book/one book
bir kelime → a word/one word
bir elma → an apple/one apple
bir bardak süt → a glass of milk
iyi bir kız → a good girl
iyi bir kitap → a good book
çok kötü bir kitap → a very bad book
beş cok iyi kitap → three very good books
iyi ve güzel bir cami → a good and pretty mosque

The function of the word bir (one) is as the number and the word bir has a function as indefinite article (a, an). We have to know that if the indefinite article or adjectives modify a noun, Turkish function like English order. The adjective or more come first, and the noun is preceded by indefinite article immediately. If the word bir that has meaning as “one”, it must precede the adjective/the adjectives like in English. If the word bir  refers to indefinite article (a/an), the adjective/adjectives must precede the word bir.
For examples:
büyük bir kitap → a big book
bir büyük kitap → one big girl

Note 1 :
Sometimes, the use of the word bir can be used with a noun that is plural.
Note 2 :
In Turkish sentence, the use of the word bir can be omitted.



3. Definite article (The)
There isn’t separate word in Turkish which is same with definite article (the) in English. Therefore many nouns of Turkish function without the use of suffixes, like plural suffix. We have to understand that a noun in Turkish has two meanings as a noun without “the” or a noun with “the”.
For examples:
kitap → Book (or) the head
kelime → Word (or) the word



4. Predicate modifiers
O kitap uzun → That book is tall.
Bu kitap kısa → This book is short.
Iyi kitap güzel → The good book is pretty.
Iyi kız küçük → The good girl is little.
Bu büyük kitap çok iyi → This big book is very good.
Bu çok büyük kız iyi → This very big girl is good
Bu kitap çok küçük ve çok iyi → This book is very small and very
good.
Bir ev uzun, bir ev kısa → One house is tall, (and) one house is short.
Bu süt cok iyi → This milk is very good.
Bu güzel → This is pretty.

In Turkish speech, we don’t use present tense of verb ‘to be’. Therefore an adjective that is in the position of predicate expresses as a sentence which is complete.
For examples:
O kitap uzun → That book (is) tall.’
O ev çok iyi → That house (is) very good
O cami çok iyi → That mosque (is) very good

Thanks for reading my post

Ordinal and Cardinal Number in Turkish (Part2)

Ordinal and cardinal Number in Turkish


1.Cardinal Numbers
bir kelime→one word, a word
bir kitap →one book, a book
iki kitap →two books, the two books

Note:
In Turkish, there is no separate word for indicating the  (definite article). Therefore there is no suffix attached to noun for creating the definite article, each word in Turkish may mean ‘Y’ or ‘ the Y.’
Example:

kitap → (book) or kitap (the book).
kelime → word (or) the word
kitap → book (or) the book
üç kelime → (the) three word
sekiz kitap → (the) eight books
dört ev → (the) four houses
dokuz harf → (the) nine letters
beş ay → (the) five months
on kız → (the) ten girls
altı dil → (the) six languages


We must know that cardinal numbers in Turkish must be followed by singular noun. Therefore, we don’t have to add plural noun for indicating cardinal number.
They are:

• Number 1 - 20
Number 1-10 Number 11-20
bir→1          on bir → 11
iki →2          on iki → 12
üç →3          on üç → 13
dört →4          on dört →14
beş →5          on beş → 15
altı →6          on altı → 16
yedi →7          on yedi → 17
sekiz →8  on sekiz → 18
dokuz →9  on dokuz → 19
on → 10          yirmi → 20

• Number 21 - 100
Number 21-30  Number 31-100
yirmi bir → 21   otuz bir→ 31
yirmi iki → 22   otuz iki → 32
yirmi üç → 23  otuz üç → 33
yirmi dört → 24  kırk → 40
yirmi beş → 25  elli → 50
yirmi altı → 26  altmış → 60
yirmi yedi → 27  yetmiş → 70
yirmi sekiz → 28  seksen → 80
yirmi dokuz →29  doksan → 90
otuz → 30           yüz → 100

• Number 101 - 980
Meaning → Number
yüz bir         → 101
yüz on     → 110
yüz on yedi → 117
iki yüz          → 200
sekiz yüz → 800
seksen dokuz → 980

• Number 1000 - 1,000,...
Meaning   → Number
bin            → 1,000
bin iki    → 1,002
on bin    → 10,000
yüz bin    → 100,000
milyon    → 1,000,000
milyar    → 1,000,000,000

2. Yarım and buçuk (One half)
Ok, how to indicate “one half” in Turkish??. We have to know that “one half” in Turkish can be created with adding yarım or buçuk. Therefore you may choose one of them. The next explanation is below:

• Yarım
It can be used by us if there is no other number that is explained in the expression.
For example:
yarım kilo →0,5 kilogram
beş yüz metre →500 meters
yarım kilometer →0,5 kilometer
beş yüz gram →500 grams
otuz dakika →30 minutes
yarım saat →0,5 hour

• Buçuk
It can be used by us with numerals.
For example:
iki buçuk saat →2,5 hours
on yedi buçuk kilometer →17,5 km
bir buçuk kilo →1,5 kilos



3. Kaç, çok, and az
These are counting words in Turkish, including kaç (how much?, how many?), çok (much or many), and az (few, a little). They are followed by singular nouns like the cardinal numbers.
For example:

kaç ev→how many houses
az çok →more or less
kaç para? →how much money? az elma →few apples
kaç kitap? →how many books ? az para → little money
çok kitap →many books biraz tuz →a little salt
çok su →much water

4. Tane and Parça
They are very different in the function, the differences are:

• Parça (piece)
it is for indicating “one part”, “section”, and etc.
• Tane (piece)
it is a pidgin English that has no meaning. This counting word “piece” like in “one piece woman,” “one piece kitap”). We have to know that Tane can be used by us in expression or we may omit tane after the cardinal numbers.
Example:
kaç parça kek?→how many pieces of cake?
kaç tane kek?→how many cakes?
kaç kitap?→how many books?
kaç tane kitap?→how many books?
beş kitap→five books
beş tane ev→five books

Çok teşekkürler (Thank you very much)

Turkish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Part1)

I. TURKISH


1.Turkish alphabet
There are 29 alphabet in Turkish. There are not "Q", "w", and "x". There are three strange consonants in Turkish, including "ç", "ğ", and "ş" and there are three strange vowels, including "ı", "ü", and "ö". The capital letters of them are ç, Ç, ğ,Ğ, ş, Ş, ı, I, ö, Ö, and ü, Ü. The capital letters of
 "ı" (undotted "i") is "I"; and the capital letter of "i" (dotted "i") is "İ".



Turkish Pronunciation
Aa→it is pronunced like "u" in sun
Bb→it is pronunced like in English
Cc→it is pronunced like "j" in jungle
Çç→it is pronunced like "ch" in chocolate
Dd→it is pronunced like in English
Ee→it is pronunced like "e" in fed
Ff→it is pronunced like in English
Gg→it is pronunced like "g" in going
Ğğ (soft g)→it is pronunced like "y" in young
Hh→it is pronunced like "h" in hug
Iı→it is pronunced like the second vocal in nat"io"n
İi→it is pronunced like "i" in big
Jj→it is pronunced like "s" in measure
Kk→it is pronunced like "k" in kiss
L1→it is pronunced like in English
Mm→it is pronunced like in English
Nn→it is pronunced like in English
Oo→it is pronunced like "o" in sold
Öö→it is pronunced like "eu" in French peu
PP→it is pronunced like in English
Rr→it is pronunced like "r" in rug
Ss→it is pronunced like "i" in lick
Şş→it is pronunced like "sh" in shadow
Tt→it is pronunced like in English
Uu→it is pronunced like "u" in push
Üü→it is pronunced like "ü" in übel
Vv→it is pronunced like in English
Yy→it is pronunced like "y" in yes
Zz→it is pronunced like in English
In general, stress tends to be placed on the last syllable in a word.

2.Ğ, ğ (Soft "g")
The letter is named as yumuşak "ge" (soft "g"). We have to know that the letter is never in front of a word. The letter sound is approximately like y in yet (as in doğu ‘east’).



3.Doubled consonants
There is a doubled consonants in Turkish. The sound of them is prolonged similarly when the consonant is single.
Elli (fifty)
eli (the hand)

4.The circumflex accent
The forms of them stand over the vocal, including "a", "i", and "u" (â, î, û).



5.Spelling
Spelling in Turkish is phonetic. We have to know that the similar letter always indicate the silmilar sound. Words which are taken from other languages are pronounced phonetically.
Şevrole (Chevrolet)
Çörçil (Churchill)

6.Syllabification
There are six syllable patterns in Turkish (V =vowel; C=consonant).

V → o (he, she, it)
VC → üç (three)
CV → su (water)
CVC → bir (one)
VCC → üst (top)
CVCC → harf (letter)
Thanks for reading. May it is useful for you

Penerjemahan Idiom bahasa Inggris

Penerjemahan English-Indonesian Idioms:

a frog in my throat (literally, kodok di tenggorokan) = suaranya serak/ bicara tidak jelas.
to eat like a horse (makan seperti kuda) = makan banyak/gembul
to eat like a bird (makan seperti burung) = makannya sedikit
a cry wolf (teriakan/auman serigala) = ngedumel/ngoceh komplen (v)
a monkey business (urusan monyet) = sia-sia/percuma/bodoh/menghabiskan waktu (US Slang).
a road hog (babi jalanan) = pengemudi yang memakan jalan/ mobil berjalan di tengah jalan menghalangi mobil lain
to smell a rat (mencium bau tikus) = naga-naganya/ mencium bau busuk
a bull-headed (kepala kerbau/banteng) = keras kepala/ kepala batu, tidak memikirkan orang lain
to beat around the bush (mengalahkan/memukul semak-semak) = “ngomongnya muter-muter”, tak bicara langsung ke inti.
a second hand information (informasi bekas)= informasi “katanya-katanya”, informasi belum tentu kebenarannya.
to let sleeping dogs lie (jangan biarkan anjing tidur berbohong) = jangan membangunkan macan sedang tidur. Artinya, jangan mengutak-atik masalah atau keadaan yang sudah kondusif.
to speak/talk about the devils (mebicarakan setan/hantu) = panjang umurnya! baru saja dibicarakan/diomongin, orangnya datang.
a piece of cake (sepotong kue) = gampang, mudah, gampil, encer (tidak sulit sama sekali).
be out of the blue (di luar yang biru) = tak disangka, tak diduga. Tiba-tiba terjadi/ada/muncul di luar dugaan.
to hold your horses (menahan kuda/ memegang kuda) = sabar bro! sabar cuy! jangan terburu-buru, tenang dahulu.
to talk to my hand (bicara sama tangan saya) = “ngomong sama tembok”, saya tidak mau mendengarkan.
butterflies in my stomach (kupu-kupu di perutku) = panas dingin gugup, “demam panggung”.
on the tip of the tongue (di ujung lidah) = sudah di mulut tapi tak bisa terucap, hampir ingat.
to keep an eye on “something/someone” (jaga matanya) = “jagain/liatin barangnya yah, saya mau ke toilet dulu.” atau perhatikan orang itu.
a dime a dozen (sebuah koin selusin) = banyak, umum dan mudah dicari.
to use your noodle (memakai mie) = “pake otak lu!”
to zip your mouth/lips (resleting mulut/bibirmu) = tolong diam dan jangan banyak bicara.
black-and-blue (hitam dan biru) = luka berdarah dan memar-memar di bagian tubuh.
as fit as a fiddle (sesehat biola) = sehat wal afiat, sehat lahir batin, waras.
a bitter pill to swallow (pil pahit untuk ditelan) = menelan pil pahit, keadaan buruk yang harus dihadapi dan diterima.
to flare up (api menyala) = kambuh, kumat (biasanya penyakit)
to add fuel to fire (menambah bensin ke api) = “kompor mleduk”/ “memanas-manasi”, memanasi/membuat masalah jadi besar, memprovokasi keadaan.
to raise/wave a white flag (bendera putih) = kibarkan bendera putih, menyerah.
a green light (lampu hijau) = sudah dapat “lampu hijau”, dapat persetujuan/ izin.
red tape (pita merah) = resmi, tugas pemerintah.
every cloud has a silver lining = semua pasti ada hikmahnya.
Penerjemahan Indonesian-English Idioms:
Hangat-hangat tahi ayam (literally, a hot chicken dirt) = to peter out (v)
Kuda hitam (a black horse)= a dark horse (n)
Adu domba (a sheep fight)= to divide and conquer (v)
Tuan rumah (a house master) = a host (n)
Kupu2 malam (a night butterfly) = a prostitute (n)
Angkat jempol (to raise thumbs) = to admit somebody’s greatness (v)
Mata hijau (green eyes) = a money-oriented person (n)
Silat lidah (a tongue fight) = to bicker (v)
Meja hijau (a green table) = a court of law (n) (adverb of place)
Orang sabar disayang tuhan (God loves a patient person) = Good things come to those who wait
Rumahku surgaku (my house, my heaven) = There is no place like home.
Panjang tangan (a long hand) = a thief, a pickpocketer, a shoplifter (n)
Mati suri (good sample of death) = a near death (n)
Ringan tangan (a light hand) = a helper, a donor, a contributor, a devoted person (positive)
Ringan tangan (a light hand) = someone who punches out/ hits other people quickly/easily
Tulang punggung (a back bone) = a breadwinner (n)
Mulut ember (a buckle mou