POLYGLOT: skimming and scanning

Chapter Report

PAPER

Had made on February 17,2016 in English Department (fourth semester), i is submitted for the Course of Reading was lectured by

Toneng Listiani,M.Hum

Fauji Imamul Arifin

NIM. 3145040028

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT (Fourth Semester)

FACULTY ADAB AND HUMANITY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI” OF BANDUNG

2016

PREFACE

Thanks to God who has given his blessing to the author to complete the task of English paper titled "Reading". This paper was made by me for complete this task from the task of reading.

The authors also wish to express our deep gratitude and sincere to those who have been guided in solving this paper. English paper lists some examples of how to read English can help students to improve their reading skills. Procedure in reading lessons provided in this paper. There are eight examples of Reading.

Reading lessons can also be used as a guide for those who want to hone English. Hopefully, this article can help readers to broaden their knowledge of reading English. Beside it, it maybe help me to increase my knowledge in reading, knowing the grammatical of English.

Bandung, 16 februari 2016

Penulis

preliminary

in studying the language course we are not regardless of use dictionary good for review for every word which is sales manager and slang words nor also the words idiom yang should be required by us all to review determine context text or oral use some manner / procedures use hearts dictionary key, in addition to that also will teach us, dictionary use to know the meaning of the meaning of words, sentences illustrations, plural, singular and other. then the hearts paragraphs therein are parts our sentence will find what we search, what is called the main idea or with paragraphs that idea will lead our knowledge against paragraph-sentence, paragraph is composed which leads more on detailed explanation. discussion about lying as it does skimming and scanning, skimming which is a way that used to collect information quick review the most important, or 'core'. key: operates eyes maximum of text, record important information, while scanning is used to review looking part of certain information. key: operates eyes maximum of text, searching for specific parts of the information needed. not separated from that we have to know regarding the formation from a word which covers affix said. affix words like base word endings, prefixes and other.

1.1 Limitations Problems

It will be explained some information which is very useful in learning language, word, sentence, and etc:

1.2.1 Dictionary Usage;

1.2.2 Main Idea;

1.2.3 Skimming;

1.2.4 Scanning

1.2.5 Affix, suffix, and prefixes

1.2 Formulation of Problem

1.3.1 What the meaning of Dictionary Usage?

1.3.2 What the meaning of Main Idea?

1.3.3 What the meaning of skimming?

1.3.4 What the meaning of scanning?

1.3.5 What the meaning of Affix, suffix, and prefixes ?

1.3 Purpose

Destination of making this task for completing assignment of lecturers and decreasing my knowledge over English language

usage

· Using a dictionary

·  A dictionary contains an alphabetical list of words and their meanings.

·  Dictionaries contain other information as well as helping your spell and find the meanings of unfamiliar words.

o Does your dictionary have :

· Definitions / word meaning.	· Synonims or antonims	· US (American Spelling)
· Plural of nouns	· Pronounciation of words	· Parts of Speech
· Origins of words	· Capitalisation	· Grammatical information
· Prepositional rules	· English spelling	· Word usage (e.g.slang)

o Different Kinds of Dictionaries

· • Math Dictionary • Illustrated Dictionary • The Australian Slang Dictionary

· • Non-English Language Dictionary • Special Subject Dictionary

· • Australian English (e.g.Macquire Dictionary) • Internet Dictionary

· • American English (e.g. Webster’s Dictionary) • E-dictionary

o Finding Your Way Around Your Dictionary

§ Look in the introduction section of your dictionary (Make sure your edition is no more than 10 years old)

§ The introduction section gives :

§ The explanation of the meanings of special marks

§ How to say (pronounce) words

§ Abbreviations and symbols

§ Details on how to use that dictionary

o Word Meanings

§ Many people use a dictionary to find the meaning of words.

§ Each word that is explained in the dictionary is usually in bold type.

§ Entry words may be shown divided into syllables (e.g.cal-am-ity)

§ Some words may have only one meaning, and some have more than one meaning.

§ It might necessary to scan all meanings to find one that suits the context.

o Illustrative Sentences

§ Sentences that show how a word is used are sometimes included in dictionaries.

§ The following sentence for example, might be used to demonstrate the meaning of ”sarcasm”.

§ “How unselfish you are”, said the girl with sarcasm, as her brother took the biggest piece of cake.

o Checking your spelling in dictionary

§ Sometimes there are two or more correct spellings of a single word (Be aware of American and English Spelling), e.g. Colour/color

§ They are usually in bold type and may be treated in two ways :

§ If the different spelling is used as frequently

§ (e.g. ax or axe)

§ If the main entry spelling is preferred (e.g.medieval also mediaeval).

o Part of Speech and Plurals

· adj. Adjective	· prep. Preposition	· adv. Adverb
· interj. Interjection	· pro. Pronoun	· n. Noun
· v. verb	· conj. Conjunction	· pl. plural
· pt. Past tense	· pp. Past participle	· sing. Singular

§ An entry may show how to spell the plural form of a noun (especially if it is formed in different way). For example : radius ---radii , sheep---sheep.

§ If this is formed by adding –s or –es , it is not usually shown.

o Finding difficult word

§ Words in a dictionary occur in strict alphabetical order.

§ Word may begin with a different letter which sounds the same. In this situation, the alternative way to find the word is by looking through its tricky sounds.

o List of some tricky beginning sounds

· Beginning sounds	· The word could begin with	· Example
· F	· Ph	· photo
· G	· Gh	· Ghost
· G	· Gu	· Guest
· J	· G	· Gem
· K	· Ch	· character
· Kw	· Qu	· Quite
· N	· Gn	· gnash
· N	· Kn	· Knee
· N	· Pn	· pneumonia
· R	· Rh	· rhyme
· R	· Wr	· write

Main Idea

The main idea of a passage or reading is the central thought or message. In contrast to the term topic, which refers to the subject under discussion, the term main idea refers to the point or thought being expressed. The difference between a topic and a main idea will become clearer to you if you imagine yourself overhearing a conversation in which your name is repeatedly mentioned. When you ask your friends what they were discussing, they say they were talking about you. At that point, you have the topic but not the main idea. Undoubtedly, you wouldn’t be satisfied until you learned what your friends were saying about this particular topic. You would probably pester them until you knew the main idea, until you knew, that is, exactly what they were saying about your personality, appearance, or behavior. The same principle applies to reading. The topic is seldom enough. You also need to discover the main idea.

Reading Tips:

1. As soon as you can define the topic, ask yourself “What general point does the author want to make about this topic?” Once you can answer that question, you have more than likely found the main idea.

2. Most main ideas are stated or suggested early on in a reading; pay special attention to the first third of any passage, article, or chapter. That’s where you are likely to get the best statement or clearest expression of the main idea.

3. Pay attention to any idea that is repeated in different ways. If an author returns to the same thought in several different sentences or paragraphs, that idea is the main or central thought under discussion.

4. Once you feel sure you have found the main idea, test it. Ask yourself if the examples, reasons, statistics, studies, and facts included in the reading lend themselves as evidence or explanation in support of the main idea you have in mind. If they do, your comprehension is right on target. If they don’t, you might want to revise your first notion about the author’s main idea.

5. The main idea of a passage can be expressed any number of ways. For example, you and your roommate might come up with the same main idea for a reading, but the language in which that idea is expressed would probably be different. When, however, you are asked to find the topic sentence, you are being asked to find the statement that expresses the main idea in the author’s words. Any number of people can come up with the main idea for a passage, but only the author of the passage can create the topic sentence.

6. If you are taking a test that asks you to find the thesis or theme of a reading, don’t let the terms confuse you, you are still looking for the main idea.

“The main idea is the most important thing the paragraph says about the topic. The topic is what a paragraph is all about”(Heriansyah:2012). So that we can summarize that a paragraph contains a particular sentence, a particular sentence bec

“the most important or central thought of a paragraph or larger section of text, which tells the reader what the text is about”(Heri:2010)

Skimming And Scanning: Two Important Strategies For Speeding Up Your Reading

Skimming and scanning are two very different strategies for speed reading.

They are each used for different purposes, and they are not meant to be used all the time. They are at the fast end of the speed reading range, while studying is at the slow end.

People who know how to skim and scan are flexible readers. They read according to their purpose and get the information they need quickly without wasting time. They do not read everything which is what increases their reading speed. Their skill lies in knowing what specific information to read and which method to use.

What Is Skimming?

Skimming is one of the tools you can use to read more in less time.Skimming refers to looking only for the general or main ideas, and works best with non-fiction (or factual) material. With skimming, your overall understanding is reduced because you don’t read everything. You read only what is important to your purpose. Skimming takes place while reading and allows you to look for details in addition to the main ideas.

How to skim.?Many people think that skimming is a haphazard process placing the eyes where ever they fall. However, to skim effectively, there has to be a structure but you don’t read everything. What you read is more important than what you leave out. So what material do you read and what material do you leave out?

Let’s say you are doing research on a long chapter or a web site. By reading the first few paragraphs in detail, you will get a good idea of what information will be discussed. Once you know where the reading is headed, you can begin to read only the first sentence of each paragraph. Also called topic sentences, they give you the main idea of the paragraph. If you do not get the main idea in the topic sentence or if the paragraph greatly interests you, then you may want to skim more.

At the end of each topic sentence, your eyes should drop down through the rest of the paragraph, looking for important pieces of information, such as names, dates, or events. Continue to read only topic sentences, dropping down through the rest of the paragraphs, until you are near the end. Since the last few paragraphs may contain a conclusion or summary, you should stop skimming there and read in detail. Remember that your overall comprehension will be lower than if you read in detail. If while skimming, you feel you are grasping the main ideas, then you are skimming correctly.

When to skim.Because skimming is done at a fast speed with less-than-normal comprehension, you shouldn’t skim all the time. There are many times, however, when skimming is very useful.

Suppose you are taking a presentation skills class and have to deliver an oral report in a few days about the first computers ever made. You locate six books and four newspaper articles about this topic. Because you must be ready soon, you do not have time to read each word, but you need a large quantity of solid information.

Skimming will help you locate the information quickly while making sure you use your time wisely. It will also increase the amount of usable material you obtain for your research.

Suppose you have an exam in a few days. You need to review the material you learned, but you don’t want to reread everything. By skimming, you can quickly locate the information you haven’t mastered yet and study only that material.

While reading, ask yourself the following questions to help you decide whether or not to skim. If you answer yes to any of these, then skimming is a useful tool.

? Is this material non-fiction?

? Do I have a lot to read and only a small amount of time?

? Do I already know something about this?

? Can any of the material be skipped?

If you have sufficient background knowledge or believe you don’t need the information, then skip it! That’s right—don’t read it at all! Believe it or not, skipping material may sometimes be the best use of your time. Just because someone wrote something doesn’t mean you have to read it. If you pick and choose carefully what you skim and skip, you will be pleasantly surprised at the large amount of information you can get through in a short period of time.

What Is Scanning?

Scanning is another useful tool for speeding up your reading. Unlike skimming, when scanning, you look only for a specific fact or piece of information without reading everything. You scan when you look for your favorite show listed in the cable guide, for your friend’s phone number in a telephone book, and for the sports scores in the newspaper. For scanning to be successful, you need to understand how your material is structured as well as comprehend what you read so you can locate the specific information you need. Scanning also allows you to find details and other information in a hurry.How to scan. Because you already scan many different types of material in your daily life, learning more details about scanning will be easy. Establishing your purpose, locating the appropriate material, and knowing how the information is structured before you start scanning is essential.The material you scan is typically arranged in the following ways: alphabetically, chronologically, non-alphabetically, by category, or textually. Alphabetical information is arranged in order from A to Z, whilechronological information is arranged in time or numerical order.Information can be also be arranged in non- alphabetical order, such as a television listing, or by category, listings of like items such as an auto parts catalog. Sometimes information is located within the written paragraphs of text, also known as a textual sense, as in an encyclopedia entry.Learning to use your hands while scanning is very helpful in locating specific information. Do you do anything with your hands to locate a word in a dictionary? To find a meeting time on your calendar? To read a train or bus schedule? Using your hand or finger is extremely helpful in focusing your attention and keeping your place while scanning a column of material.

Your peripheral vision can also help you scan effectively. When your hand moves down a list of names, you see not only the name your finger is pointing to, but also the names above and below. Let your eyes work for you when searching for information.Keep the concept of key words in mind while scanning. Your purpose will determine the key words. Suppose you are looking for the time a train leaves from New York City for Washington, D.C.The key words to keep in mind are “from New York City” and “to Washington,D.C.” If you are looking for the cost of a computer printer with the code number PX-710, the key word to locate in a list of many printers is “PX-710.”

When to scan.?You scan when your aim is to find specific pieces of information. If you were doing the research for an oral presentation, you could scan the index of books, web sites, and reference materials. You would discover whether they contain any information you want and the pages where the information can be found.In the past, you probably scanned without knowing you were doing it. Now with the information provided in this section, you can use scanning more intentionally and frequently. The more you practice, the more effective scanning will become. Finally, the most important benefit of scanning is its ability to help you become a more flexible reader. Scanning adds another high gear to your reading.Permission to not read everything.?Because you may be used to reading every word and may be uncomfortable leaving some words out, you need to give yourself permission to overlook some words by skimming, scanning, and skipping material according to your reading purpose.

Word stem

In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word. The term is used with slightly different meanings.

In one usage, a stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.[1] Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached. In a variant of this usage, the rootof the word (in the example, friend) is not counted as a stem.

In a slightly different usage, which is adopted in the remainder of this article, a word has a single stem, namely the part of the word that is common to all its inflected variants.[2] Thus, in this usage, all derivational affixes are part of the stem. For example, the stem of friendships is friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.

Stems may be a root, e.g. run, or they may be morphologically complex, as in compound words (e.g. the compound nouns meat ball or bottle opener) or words with derivational morphemes (e.g. the derived verbs black-en or standard-ize). Hence, the stem of the complex English noun photographer is photo•graph•er, but not photo. For another example, the root of the English verb formdestabilized is stabil-, a form of stable that does not occur alone; the stem is de•stabil•ize, which includes the derivational affixes de- and -ize, but not the inflectional past tense suffix -(e)d. That is, a stem is that part of a word that inflectional affixes attach to.

The exact use of the word 'stem' depends on the morphology of the language in question. In Athabaskan linguistics, for example, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own, and that carries the tone of the word. Athabaskan verbs typically have two stems in this analysis, each preceded by prefixes.Uncovering and analyzing cognation between stems and roots within and across languages has allowed comparative philology and comparative linguistics to determine the history of languages and language families.[3]

Affixes

One method of understanding the meanings of new words is to analyze the different parts of the word and the meanings of those parts. Many new words are formed by adding an affix to the beginning or end of a Latin or Greek root or root word. When affixes are added to the beginning of roots or root words, they are called prefixes For example, the most common prefix is un-, which meant not oropposite of. If you add un- to the word happy, the new word becomes unhappy, which means not happy. When affixes are added to the end of roots or root words, they are called suffixes. The most common suffixes are -s and -es, which mean more than one (or the plural) of the word. Adding -es to wish, changes the meaning o the word to more than one wish.

Suffixes

A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

1. inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog → dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk → walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.

2. derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach → teacher or care → careful

A suffix goes at the end of a word. A prefix goes at the beginning.

Prefixes

A prefix is added to the front of a word to change its meaning

Both prefixes and suffixes (added to the back) are affixes. The big question with prefixes is whether to use a hyphen with a prefix. Here is a lesson about hyphens in prefixes.

Examples of Prefixes

Here are some examples of prefixes:

• microscope

(The prefix is micro-.)

• tripod

(The prefix is tri-.)

• devalue

(The prefix is de-.)

Most Common Prefixes. The four most common prefixes account for over 95% of prefixed words. They aredis-, in-, re-, and un-.

Stems and Affixes

1. Cont’d….

} For example :

Report is formed from re, which means back, and port which means carry.

Scientist is derived from sci, which means know, and ist which means who.

} Port and sci are called stems.

} Re and ist are called affixes.

2. Definition

· A stem is the basic part on which groups of related words are built.

· Affixes is word parts that are attached to stems.

· Affixes like re, which are attached to the beginning of stems, are called prefixes.

· Affixes attached to the end, like ist, are called suffixes

3. Cont’d…….

· Generally, prefixes change the meaning of a word and suffixes change its part of speech.

· Example :

Stem pay (verb) honest (adj)

Prefix repay (verb) dishonest (adj)

Suffix repayment (n) dishonestly(adv)

4. Prefixes

} com-, con-, col-, cor-, co-

together with ; example : cooperate, connect

} In-, im-, il-, ir-

in, into, on ; example : invade, insert

not ; example : impolite, illegal

} Micro-

small ; example : microscope, microcomputer

5. Stems

} - audi-, -audit-

hear ; example : auditorium, auditor

} - chron-

time ; example : chronology, chronological

} -dic-, -dict-

say, speak ; example : dictator, dictation

} - graph-, -gram-

write, writing ; example : telegraph, telegram

} - log -, - ology –

speech, word, study ; example : biology

} - phon –

sound ; example : telephone

} - scrib-, script-

write ; example : describe, script

} - spect –

look at ; example : inspect, spectator

} - vid-, -vis-

see ; example : video, vision

Conclusion

reading contains many different meanings and conclusions verb tenses more read more. so we can conclude that we can take the essence of the discussion as the use of suffixes, inffix . in this case also discussed the use of better idiom dictionary , slang dictionary , and a dictionary of commonly used in everyday conversation , text and other . besides that we also know what has been called the main idea in a paragraph .

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Marks, Abby. 2013. Skimming And Scanning: Two Important Strategies For Speeding Up Your Reading. http://www.howtolearn.com/2013/02/skimming-and-scanning-two-important-strategies-for-speeding-up-your-reading/#

Heriansyah. 2012.Main Idea. http://heriyansah-spd.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/main-idea.html.

Heri.2010.Main Ideaddd http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/main-idea.
Umar,Nurhamidah.2015. Introduction of Basic English (I) & Introduction of Basic English (II). http://muslimahbersahaja.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/introduction-of-basic-english-i_80.html .